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NAME

ul — do underlining

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

ul reads the named files (or standard input if none are given) and translates various kinds of in-band markup to forms appropriate for the terminal in use, as specified by the environment variable TERM and the terminfo(5) database. In particular, man(1) -T ascii, -T utf8, and -T locale produce output that ul can handle as input.

The following control characters are handled in the input stream:

backspace (ASCII 0x08)

Reset the output display column to the beginning of the previous character, to prepare for overstriking. The display width of the previous character does not matter: backing up over a double-width character does not require two backspace characters. However, if a double-width character is followed by two backspace characters, the second one is discarded, for compatibility with fold(1).

tabulator (ASCII 0x09)

Advance the output display column to the next multiple of 8. Tabs are always expanded into blanks.

newline (ASCII 0x0a)

End the current output line.

carriage return (ASCII 0x0d)

Reset the output display column to the beginning of the line, to prepare for overstriking.

shift out (ASCII 0x0e)

Switch on reverse video mode.

shift in (ASCII 0x0f)

Switch off reverse video mode.

escape 7 (ASCII 0x1b 0x37)

Full reverse line feed.

escape 8 (ASCII 0x1b 0x38)

Half reverse line feed. Sometimes used for superscripts.

escape 9 (ASCII 0x1b 0x39)

Half forward line feed. Sometimes used for subscripts.

The following kinds of markup are handled:

underline

Requested by putting an underscore into the same display cell as another character, by using backspace or carriage return characters. The usual sequence to request an underlined character is "character backspace underscore", but "underscore backspace character" works, too. If the terminal cannot underline, standout mode is tried as a fallback.

boldface

Requested by putting two copies of the same character into the same display cell, by using backspace or carriage return characters. The usual sequence to request a boldface character is "character backspace character". If the terminal does not provide boldface display, reverse video and standout mode are tried as fallbacks.

reverse video

Switched on and off by the shift out and shift in control characters, respectively. If the terminal does not provide reverse video, standout mode is tried as a fallback.

If the input text contains markup the terminal cannot handle and no working fallback is available, that markup is ignored. Non-printable characters and invalid bytes are discarded. Unknown escape sequences cause ul to abort with an error message and a non-zero exit code.

The options are as follows:

-i

Markup is not applied. Instead, after each output line containing at least one marked-up character, an additional line is printed, containing the following ASCII codes below each character they apply to:

_

underline

!

boldface

g

inverse video

^

one half line above the current line (superscript)

v

one half line below the current line (subscript)

X

more than one kind of markup

-t terminal

Overrides the terminal type specified in the environment with terminal.

ENVIRONMENT

LC_CTYPE

The character encoding locale(1). It decides which byte sequences form characters, which characters are printable, and what their display width is. If set to "C", "POSIX", or an unsupported value, each ASCII character except the control characters listed above is regarded as a character, and if it is printable, of display width 1.

TERM

Used to relate a tty device with its device capability description (see terminfo(5)). TERM is set at login time, either by the default terminal type specified in /etc/ttys or as set during the login process by the user in their login file (see environ(7)).

EXIT STATUS

The ul utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

SEE ALSO

man(1), terminfo(5)

HISTORY

A predecessor called iul first appeared in 1BSD. The ul command appeared in 3BSD.

AUTHORS

The original 3BSD implementation was written by Mary Ann Horton. Bill Joy significantly extended it for 4.0BSD and 4.2BSD.

BUGS

Half reverse and half forward line feeds only work on few terminals, and full reverse line feeds aren't very portable, either.

If more than one kind of markup is applied to the same character, all these markups are ignored and standout mode is used instead.