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Point-to-Point Layer 3 GRE tunnel interfaces (gre)

A gre tunnel can encapsulate IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS packets. The MTU is set to 1476 by default to match the value used by Cisco routers.

gre supports sending keepalive packets to the remote endpoint which allows tunnel failure to be detected. To return keepalives, the remote host must be configured to forward IP packets received from inside the tunnel back to the address of the local tunnel endpoint.

gre interfaces may be configured to receive IPv4 packets in Web Cache Communication Protocol (WCCP) encapsulation by setting the link0 flag on the interface. WCCP reception may be enabled globally by setting the net.inet.gre.wccp sysctl value to 1. Some magic with the packet filter configuration and a caching proxy like squid are needed to do anything useful with these packets. This sysctl requires net.inet.gre.allow to also be set.

Point-to-Multipoint Layer 3 GRE tunnel interfaces (mgre)

mgre interfaces can encapsulate IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS packets. Unlike a point-to-point interface, mgre interfaces are configured with an address on an IP subnet. Peers on that subnet are mapped to the addresses of multiple tunnel endpoints.

The MTU is set to 1476 by default to match the value used by Cisco routers.

Point-to-Point Ethernet over GRE tunnel interfaces (egre)

An egre tunnel interface carries Ethernet over GRE (EoGRE). Ethernet traffic is encapsulated using Transparent Ethernet (0x6558) as the protocol identifier in the GRE header, as per RFC 1701. The MTU is set to 1500 by default.

Network Virtualization using GRE interfaces (nvgre)

nvgre interfaces allow construction of virtual overlay Ethernet networks on top of an IPv4 or IPv6 underlay network as per RFC 7367. Ethernet traffic is encapsulated using Transparent Ethernet (0x6558) as the protocol identifier in the GRE header, a 24-bit Virtual Subnet ID (VSID), and an 8-bit FlowID.

By default the MTU of an nvgre interface is set to 1500, and the Don't Fragment flag is set. The MTU on the network interfaces carrying underlay network traffic must be raised to accommodate this and the overhead of the NVGRE encapsulation, or the nvgre interface must be reconfigured for less capable underlays.

The underlay network parameters on a nvgre interface are a unicast tunnel source address, a multicast tunnel destination address, and a parent network interface. The unicast source address is used as the NVE Provider Address (PA) on the underlay network. The parent interface is used to identify which interface the multicast group should be joined to.

The multicast group is used to transport broadcast and multicast traffic from the overlay to other participating NVGRE endpoints. It is also used to flood unicast traffic to Ethernet addresses in the overlay with an unknown association to a NVGRE endpoint. Traffic received from other NVGRE endpoints, either to the Provider Address or via the multicast group, is used to learn associations between Ethernet addresses in the overlay network and the Provider Addresses of NVGRE endpoints in the underlay.

Programming Interface

gre, mgre, egre, and nvgre interfaces support the following ioctl(2) calls for configuring tunnel options:

gre, mgre, and egre interfaces support the following ioctl(2) calls:

gre interfaces support the following ioctl(2) calls:

nvgre interfaces support the following ioctl(2) calls:

Security Considerations

The GRE protocol in all its flavours does not provide any integrated security features. GRE should only be deployed on trusted private networks, or protected with IPsec to add authentication and encryption for confidentiality. IPsec is especially recommended when transporting GRE over the public internet.

The Packet Filter pf(4) can be used to filter tunnel traffic with endpoint policies pf.conf(5).

The Time-to-Live (TTL) value of a tunnel can be set to 1 or a low value to restrict the traffic to the local network:

# ifconfig gre0 tunnelttl 1

Point-to-Point Layer 3 GRE tunnel interfaces (gre) example

Host X ---- Host A ------------ tunnel ------------ Cisco D ---- Host E
               \                                      /
                \                                    /
                 +------ Host B ------ Host C ------+

On Host A (OpenBSD):

# route add default B
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN A D netmask 0xffffffff up
# ifconfig greN tunnel A D
# route add E D

On Host D (Cisco):

Interface TunnelX
 ip unnumbered D   ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
 tunnel source D   ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
 tunnel destination A
ip route C <some interface and mask>
ip route A mask C
ip route X mask tunnelX

OR

On Host D (OpenBSD):

# route add default C
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN D A
# ifconfig greN tunnel D A

To reach Host A over the tunnel (from Host D), there has to be an alias on Host A for the Ethernet interface:

and on the Cisco:

gre keepalive packets may be enabled with ifconfig(8) like this:

# ifconfig greN keepalive period count

This will send a keepalive packet every period seconds. If no response is received in count * period seconds, the link is considered down. To return keepalives, the remote host must be configured to forward packets:

# sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1

If pf(4) is enabled then it is necessary to add a pass rule specific for the keepalive packets. The rule must use no state because the keepalive packet is entering the network stack multiple times. In most cases the following should work:

pass quick on gre proto gre no state

Point-to-Multipoint Layer 3 GRE tunnel interfaces (mgre) example

mgre can be used to build a point-to-multipoint tunnel network to several hosts using a single mgre interface.

In this example the host A has an outer IP of 198.51.100.12, host B has 203.0.113.27, and host C has 203.0.113.254.

Addressing within the tunnel is done using 192.0.2.0/24:

                        +--- Host B
                       /
                      /
Host A --- tunnel ---+
                      \
                       \
                        +--- Host C

On Host A:

# ifconfig mgreN create
# ifconfig mgreN tunneladdr 198.51.100.12
# ifconfig mgreN inet 192.0.2.1 netmask 0xffffff00 up

On Host B:

# ifconfig mgreN create
# ifconfig mgreN tunneladdr 203.0.113.27
# ifconfig mgreN inet 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffff00 up

On Host C:

# ifconfig mgreN create
# ifconfig mgreN tunneladdr 203.0.113.254
# ifconfig mgreN inet 192.0.2.3 netmask 0xffffff00 up

To reach Host B over the tunnel (from Host A), there has to be a route on Host A specifying the next-hop:

Similarly, to reach Host A over the tunnel from Host B, a route must be present on B with A's outer IP as next-hop:

The same tunnel interface can then be used between host B and C by adding the appropriate routes, making the network any-to-any instead of hub-and-spoke:

On Host B:

On Host C:

Point-to-Point Ethernet over GRE tunnel interfaces (egre) example

egre can be used to carry Ethernet traffic between two endpoints over an IP network, including the public internet. This can also be achieved using etherip(4), but egre offers the ability to carry different Ethernet networks between the same endpoints by using virtual network identifiers to distinguish between them.

For example, a pair of routers separated by the internet could bridge several Ethernet networks using egre and bridge(4).

In this example the first router has a public IP of 192.0.2.1, and the second router has 203.0.113.2. They are connecting the Ethernet networks on two vlan(4) interfaces over the internet. A separate egre tunnel is created for each VLAN and given different virtual network identifiers so the routers can tell which network the encapsulated traffic is for. The egre interfaces are explicitly configured to provide the same MTU as the vlan(4) interfaces (1500 bytes) with fragmentation enabled so they can be carried over the internet, which has the same or lower MTU.

At the first site:

# ifconfig vlan0 vnetid 100
# ifconfig egre0 create
# ifconfig egre0 tunnel 192.0.2.1 203.0.113.2
# ifconfig egre0 vnetid 100
# ifconfig egre0 mtu 1500 -tunneldf
# ifconfig egre0 up
# ifconfig bridge0 add vlan0 add egre0 up
# ifconfig vlan1 vnetid 200
# ifconfig egre1 create
# ifconfig egre1 tunnel 192.0.2.1 203.0.113.2
# ifconfig egre1 vnetid 200
# ifconfig egre1 mtu 1500 -tunneldf
# ifconfig egre1 up
# ifconfig bridge1 add vlan1 add egre1 up

At the second site:

# ifconfig vlan0 vnetid 100
# ifconfig egre0 create
# ifconfig egre0 tunnel 203.0.113.2 192.0.2.1
# ifconfig egre0 vnetid 100
# ifconfig egre0 mtu 1500 -tunneldf
# ifconfig egre0 up
# ifconfig bridge0 add vlan0 add egre0 up
# ifconfig vlan1 vnetid 200
# ifconfig egre1 create
# ifconfig egre1 tunnel 203.0.113.2 192.0.2.1
# ifconfig egre1 vnetid 200
# ifconfig egre1 mtu 1500 -tunneldf
# ifconfig egre1 up
# ifconfig bridge1 add vlan1 add egre1 up

Network Virtualization using GRE interfaces (nvgre) example

NVGRE can be used to build a distinct logical Ethernet network on top of another network. nvgre is therefore like a vlan(4) interface configured on top of a physical Ethernet interface, except it can sit on any IP network capable of multicast.

The following shows a basic nvgre configuration and an equivalent vlan(4) configuration. In the examples, 192.168.0.1/24 will be the network configured on the relevant virtual interfaces. The NVGRE underlay network will be configured on 100.64.10.0/24, and will use 239.1.1.100 as the multicast group address.

The vlan(4) interface only relies on Ethernet, it does not rely on IP configuration on the parent interface:

# ifconfig em0 up
# ifconfig vlan0 create
# ifconfig vlan0 parent em0
# ifconfig vlan0 vnetid 10
# ifconfig vlan0 inet 192.168.0.1/24
# ifconfig vlan0 up

nvgre relies on IP configuration on the parent interface, and an MTU large enough to carry the encapsulated traffic:

# ifconfig em0 mtu 1600
# ifconfig em0 inet 100.64.10.1/24
# ifconfig em0 up
# ifconfig nvgre0 create
# ifconfig nvgre0 parent em0 tunnel 100.64.10.1 239.1.1.100
# ifconfig nvgre0 vnetid 10010
# ifconfig nvgre0 inet 192.168.0.1/24
# ifconfig nvgre0 up

NVGRE is intended for use in a multitenant datacentre environment to provide each customer with distinct Ethernet networks as needed, but without running into the limit on the number of VLAN tags, and without requiring reconfiguration of the underlying Ethernet infrastructure. Another way to look at it is NVGRE can be used to construct multipoint Ethernet VPNs across an IP core.

For example, if a customer has multiple virtual machines running in vmm(4) on distinct physical hosts, nvgre and bridge(4) can be used to provide network connectivity between the tap(4) interfaces connected to the virtual machines. If there are 3 virtual machines, all using tap0 on each hosts, and those hosts are connected to the same network described above, nvgre with a distinct virtual network identifier and multicast group can be created for them. The following assumes nvgre1 and bridge1 have already been created on each host, and em0 has had the MTU raised:

On physical host 1:

# ifconfig em0 inet 100.64.10.10/24
# ifconfig nvgre1 parent em0 tunnel 100.64.10.10 239.1.1.111
# ifconfig nvgre1 vnetid 10011
# ifconfig bridge1 add nvgre1 add tap0 up

On physical host 2:

# ifconfig em0 inet 100.64.10.11/24
# ifconfig nvgre1 parent em0 tunnel 100.64.10.11 239.1.1.111
# ifconfig nvgre1 vnetid 10011
# ifconfig bridge1 add nvgre1 add tap0 up

On physical host 3:

# ifconfig em0 inet 100.64.10.12/24
# ifconfig nvgre1 parent em0 tunnel 100.64.10.12 239.1.1.111
# ifconfig nvgre1 vnetid 10011
# ifconfig bridge1 add nvgre1 add tap0 up

Being able to carry working multicast and jumbo frames over the public internet is unlikely, which makes it difficult to use NVGRE to extended Ethernet VPNs between different sites. nvgre and egre can be bridged together to provide such connectivity. See the egre section for an example.